The Asia Pacific Medico- Legal Agencies (APMLA) network has 47 forensic medical member institutions from 23 Asian and Pacific nations.
The APMLA is focused on:
peer to peer cooperation,
preparedness for mass casualty events and the
promotion of improved forensic medical services for better community health and justice systems.
The APMLA aims are as follows:
More effective national justice systems through improved death and injury investigation
Improved ability to cooperatively respond to mass casualty events and identify disaster victims
Improved information to support public health systems and policies
Increased capacity to deliver forensic medical training in developing nations
Development of regional ‘hub’ centres for forensic medical expertise
Improved career development for individual clinicians and scientists
Asia Pacific Region- Disaster central According to the 2023 Report from the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), climate change-induced disasters pose an increasingly serious threat to Asia and the Pacific. The region remains the most disaster-prone region in the world where 2 million people have lost their lives to disasters since 1970. In 2022, over 140 disasters struck the Asia-Pacific region, causing over 7,500 deaths, affecting more than 64 million people and causing economic damage estimated at US$ 57 billion.
The impact and magnitude of disasters, over the past decade, indicate that climate change is making natural hazards even more frequent and intense,
with floods, tropical cyclones, heatwaves, droughts, and earthquakes resulting in tragic losses of life, displaced communities, damaged people’s health, and millions pushed into poverty. Moreover, food and energy systems are being disrupted, economies destabilized, and societies undermined. Risks in existing disaster hotspots are forecasted to intensify, and new disaster hotspots will begin to appear. A riskscape of complex, compound and cascading disasters is emerging.
In particular, disaster fatalities and economic losses are unevenly distributed across the Asia-Pacific region, and the impact of disasters is particularly consequential in the least developed countries of Asia and the Pacific,
as their pre-existing vulnerabilities make it challenging for these countries to prepare for and cope with natural hazards. Areas already vulnerable to transboundary disasters are expected to experience intensifying hazards, such as floods, drought, and heatwaves.
Climate-induced disaster risk is outpacing the region’s resilience.With such an expanding and intensifying riskscape, continued investment is needed to strengthen disaster resilience locally and nationally, including to maintain effective early warning systems in existing hotspots. It is critical to respond to intensifying hotspots, strengthen regional and subregional cooperation mechanisms, and widely introduce nature-based solutions (NbS).
The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2023, ESCAP’s flagship study the changing patterns of disasters, their impacts, and building resilience, was launched at its Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction, which convenes governments, experts and stakeholders in the region. The Committee is targeting transformative adaptation, to better safeguard vulnerable households and livelihoods in disaster-prone hotspots. The Committee is also expected to endorse a regional strategy to have early warning services up and running for all by 2027,Secretary-General’s pledge.
The APMLA has an important role as a central body for strengthening forensic medical capacities, standardizing the process of victim identification, and encouraging the adoption of standards to better prepare nations for mass casualty situations. A well-planned disaster management response including temporary mortuary facilities is critical. There is still much to be done to improve forensic medical services in the region.
DVI Cooperation
The APMLA’s member organisations can be asked to assist countries in times of need. APMLA member institutions from Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia participated in the Flight MH17 disaster victim identification (DVI) operations in the Ukraine (Malaysia) and The Netherlands (Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia) in 2014. A few months later, Malaysian, and Korean DVI Teams deployed to assist DVI Indonesia following the downing of Flight QZ8501 in Surabaya. The Malaysian DVI Team also worked with the Indonesian DVI Team following the capsize of a passenger boat in Malaysia.
APMLA Collaborations
The APMLA works closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The ICRC is a key partner for the APMLA in training and capacity development at national and multilateral levels. In 2023 the APMLA and the Forensic Unit of the ICRC signed an MOU at the APMLA’s Annual General Meeting in June in Hanoi, Vietnam. The APMLA also collaborates with the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN).
Cooperation with ASEANAPOL
APMLA supports collaboration, the rule of law and stability in the Asia Pacific region by facilitating cooperation between member countries. As way forward and future development of APMLA, cooperation and networking with the ASEANAPOL is seen to be a valuable asset through the sharing of information and best practices between law enforcement agencies and forensic medical institutions.
In the unfortunate event of mass disaster or terrorist attack, a multidisciplinary response approach is needed in the management of the dead. First responders are usually from the non-forensic background such as armed forces, the police, firefighters, and volunteers. There is a huge potential to provide training and guidance to the first responders in disaster response responsibilities in managing the dead. First responders play a role in search and rescue, and also in maximising the likelihood of later identification of the deceased through documentation and best practice retrieval methods. This coalition will greatly enhance the cooperative assistance in DVI as well as in disaster management in the Asia Pacific region.
APMLA Management Committee 2023-2024 Chair: Dr Panjai Woharndee, Central Institute of Forensic Sciences (Thailand) Deputy Chair: Professor Noel Woodford, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (Australia) Secretary: Dr Rijen Shrestha, Maldives National University (Maldives)
Management Committee Members
Professor Morio Iino, Tottori University (Japan)
Dr Nguyen Duc Nhu, National Institute of Forensic Medicine (Vietnam)
Professor Adarsh Kumar, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (India)
Dr Hafizam Bin Hasmi, National Institute of Forensic Medicine (Malaysia)
Dr Valentinus Yudy, University of Indonesia (Indonesia)
APMLA Work Groups
Management and Identification of Missing Persons- Work Group Leader, Dr Hafizam Bin Hasmi (Malaysia)
Clinical Forensic Medicine- Work Group Leader, Dr Vina Vaswani (India)
APMLA HISTORY
APMLA History
The first Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting of Medico-Legal Services on the investigation of the missing in man-made and natural catastrophes was held in Melbourne, Australia, in October 2008.
The initial meeting was organized by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The meeting was attended by representatives from medico-legal and forensic services in Australia, Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New-Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vanuatu. Participants from all countries agreed on the following:
Melbourne Commitment
To promote and improve communication, coordination and cooperation among medico-legal services from the Asia-Pacific region with the goal of optimizing capacity to investigate and manage mass fatalities in natural and man-made catastrophes.
To promote training and the use of methods for forensic human identification consistent with international standards, including INTERPOL's guidelines for DVI and the ICRC's recommendations on The Missing, with due consideration of local needs and resources.
To promote communication between medico-legal and forensic practitioners and the bereaved.
To promote the establishment of a regional network of medico-legal and forensic services and create a directory of medico-legal and forensic services in the Asia-Pacific region.
To hold periodic meetings for further empowering communication, coordination and cooperation among medico-legal and forensic services, including a second Asia-Pacific regional meeting of medico-legal services, probably in Indonesia.
To establish a coordination mechanism (initially at VIFM) to follow-up on meeting recommendations.
A side meeting was later held at the INPALMS Congress in Delhi in October 2010 to progress the Melbourne Declaration.
JCLEC MEETING SEMARANG INDONESIA JUNE 2012
In June 2012 the VIFM with the assistance of the ICRC, organized the third meeting of Asia Pacific Medico Legal Agencies in Indonesia. The meeting relied heavily on the support of the Australian Federal Police, the Indonesian National Police, and the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation (JCLEC).
Meeting Objective:
To discuss strategies for strengthening the forensic medical capacity in SE Asia and the Pacific regions.
Goals:
More effective national justice systems through improved death and injury investigation.
Improved ability to cooperatively respond to mass casualty events and identify disaster victims.
Improved information to support public health systems and policies
Increased capacity to deliver forensic medical training in developing nations.
Development of regional ‘hub’ centres for forensic medical expertise.
Improved career development for individual clinicians and scientists.
This meeting was attended by 45 participants from 17 countries. Following briefings on forensic medical issues by each nation and training sessions on mobile mortuaries and exhumation, a business meeting was held on the final day to initiate the formal creation of the Asia Pacific Medico-Legal Agencies (APMLA) network.
Participants agreed on the establishment of a geographic network of forensic medical institutions which links agencies with a commitment to undertaking humanitarian forensic medical strengthening work with hub institutions in the region. The aim is to build capacity at the regional level. Robust medico-legal systems underpin civil society at all levels.
Participants agreed on the establishment of a geographic network of forensic medical institutions which links agencies with a commitment to undertaking humanitarian forensic medical strengthening work with hub institutions in the region. The aim was to build capacity at the regional level. Robust medico-legal systems underpin civil society at all levels.
The network would act as a facilitator and advocate in scoping and identifying the scale of capacity development required in participating emerging economies and supporting the development of regional partnerships between forensic medical institutions, donor agencies and nations that have a clear commitment to enhancing their Forensic Medical (FM) capability.
While individual local forensic medical organizations and institutions function (at different levels), this group proposes a novel approach through facilitating the potential to learn, train, practice and assist at a multi-national regional level. The multi-lateral Network of Forensic Medical Agencies would facilitate peer to peer learning, provide opportunities for capacity development projects in this field and advocate for improved resourcing for forensic medical infrastructure in participating nations. Communication would be underpinned by the development and circulation of regular APMLA email communications.
Formal Establishment of the APMLA
At the 2012 meeting, participants considered the roles and functions that might be performed by the network. Dr Nak-Eun Chung, Chief Medical Examiner, South Korea National Forensic Service and Director of South Korea DVI, was elected as Interim Chair. A working group which included Professor Stephen Cordner (VIFM Australia), Dr Anton Castilani (DOKPOL Indonesia) and Dr Mohd Shah Mahmood, National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Malaysia undertook the development of a draft Constitution. Participants agreed on the establishment of a geographic network of forensic medical institutions which links agencies with a commitment to undertaking humanitarian forensic medical strengthening work with hub institutions in the region.
The aim was to build capacity at the regional level as robust medico-legal systems underpin civil society at all levels. A draft APMLA Constitution was circulated for review, with a final version agreed at a meeting of the Interim Committee at the 2013 INPALMS Conference in Malaysia. The APMLA Constitution was then registered in 2014 in the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
APMLA CHAIRS
The APMLA’s inaugural Chair was Dr Nak-Eun Chung, Chief Medical Examiner, South Korea National Forensic Service and Director of South Korea DVI. Dr Chung’s tireless efforts in establishing, building and the promoting the APMLA included formal registration of the Association in Korea, development, and management of the APMLA web site, hosting the 2014 APMLA DVI Scenario at the Incheon Airport and profiling the APMLA at the 2014 World Forensic Festival. Very sadly Dr Nak-Eun Chung passed away on 1 January 2022 at only 66. He is greatly missed.
APMLA member organisation, the Central Institute of Forensic Sciences (CIFS) in Bangkok, Thailand took over management of the APMLA website in 2015 under the leadership of CIFS Director of Forensic Science Services Division, and APMLA Secretary at the time Dr Panjai Woharndee, who has maintained this role to date.
Dr Mohd Shah Mahmood, Director of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine in Malaysia was appointed as the second Chair of the APMLA in September 2015. He remained Chair until June 2018. Dr Mahmood continued close ties with the ICRC both in the region, and as a member of the ICRC Forensic Advisory Board.
He established new ties with the ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur. During his term as Chair the APMLA ran a Workshop on Multidisciplinary Responses to management of the Dead Mass following Disasters or Terrorist Attacks in August 2017 at the IAFS Meeting in Ontario, Canada. During Dr Mahmood’s tenure the APMLA Work Groups developed with significant productive outcomes. Dr Mohd Shah Mahmood personally led the APPMLA Work Group on Temporary Mortuaries which developed a Guideline.
Professor Morio Iino Professor Morio Iino, Head Division of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan was appointed as the third Chair of the APMLA in June 2018. Professor Iino presided over the APMLA during the global COVID pandemic. During that time the APMLA met virtually as international travel was not possible. The APMLA surveyed its members on their COVID responses and mortuary management practices- sharing best practice approaches with its members. Most notably through a three day zoom Conference in 2020 with the ICRC and CIFS on Forensic Medical Responses to COVID-19.
Most notably through a three day zoom Conference in 2020 with the ICRC and CIFS on Forensic Medical Responses to COVID-19. The 2020 and 2021 APMLA Annual General Meetings were held virtually as international travel was not possible. During Professor Iino’s tenure, the APMLA added a focus on clinical forensic medicine (especially in relation to responses to sexual violence) to the Network’s medical capacity development priorities.
The APMLA’s fourth and current Chair, Dr Panjai Woharndee, Director of Forensic Sciences Division, Central Institute of Forensic Sciences (CIFS), Thailand was appointed in December 2021. Dr Woharndee was the APMLA’s inaugural Secretary from 2014, and then APMLA Deputy Chair from 2018 until her appointment as Chair.
Dr Woharndee’s service and long-term contribution to the growth and development of the APMLA since 2014 has been outstanding. She has played a pivotal role in planning, organising, and networking with key organisations such as the ICRC and the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN), in CIFS hosting the 2017 APMLA Meeting in Pattaya, managing the APMLA website and in communications with APMLA members and overall promotion of the network.
APMLA Annual Meetings
2012 JCLEC, Semarang Indonesia Host Australian Federal Police and Indonesian National Police
2013 Kuala Lumpur Hospital in Malaysia – Host National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Malaysia
2014 Seoul, South Korea- Host National Forensic Service, South Korea
2015 JCLEC, Semarang, Indonesia- Host Australian Federal Police and Indonesian National Police
2016 Bali, Indonesia – Held alongside the INPALMS meeting.
2017 Pattaya, Thailand -Host CIFS, Thailand and also met at the IAFS Meeting Ontario, Canada
2018 Fukuoka, Japan Host Tottori University, and travel support from the ICRC.
2019 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Host National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Malaysia
2020 Virtual Meeting (COVID)
2021 Virtual Meeting (COVID)
2022 Jakarta, Indonesia – with AFSN -Host Indonesian National Police
2023 Hanoi, Vietnam -Host National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam
Forensic doctors work in the heart of the justice system. These are the doctors who investigate and report on death and interpersonal injury including sexual violence. Forensic doctors work closely with police in both the day to day investigation of death and violence and in the event of disasters when these doctors have the responsibility for managing the DVI process entailed in identifying the dead. Forensic medicine has two main subsets: forensic pathology (the medical specialty of death investigation) and clinical forensic medicine (the medical specialty involved, in the main, with evaluating physical and sexual assault in adults and children). The doctors involved in providing these services are the doctors at the heart of the justice system. The performance of these doctors reflects directly on the credibility of the legal system, and respect for the rule of law. This is also the specialist field that is concerned with the identification of the dead and the missing in multiple casualty disasters.
This specialty is supported by ancillary forensic medical and science in the form of forensic odontology (forensic dentists who are expert in age estimation, bite marks and dental identification), Forensic radiology (analysis of CT images of the deceased), forensic anthropologists (analysis of skeletal remains, forensic toxicologists (drug and alcohol testing) and molecular biologists (DNA). Forensic medicine also plays a key role in identifying the causes of preventable deaths allowing this information to be turned into policy initiatives which can address issues such as deaths by drowning and traffic-related deaths.
Improving training for the small number of forensic pathologists and forensic clinicians in developing countries has a positive effect on justice systems and the rule of law. Sound and expert medico-legal death and injury investigation processes lie at the heart of fair justice systems. Some nations in our region have a limited capacity to undertake effective day to day investigation of suspicious or violent deaths (e.g. homicides, suicides, accidents) and injuries (e.g. physical and sexual assault of adults and children).
